STEM是什么?為何成為美國留學熱門

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STEM 教育(STEM Education)源于美國。美國科學教育學者最早于20世紀50年代提出科學素養(yǎng)概念,也得到其他國家科學教育學者的認可。
STEM 是科學(Science)、技術(shù)(Technology)、工程(Engineering)和數(shù)學(Mathematics)四門學科的簡稱。STEM教育并不是科學、技術(shù)、工程和數(shù)學教育的簡單迭加,而是要融合各學科的知識,把學到的科學、數(shù)學和其他知識應(yīng)用到生活中去,以更好地培養(yǎng)創(chuàng)新精神與實踐能力。

STEM 教育(STEM Education)源于美國。美國科學教育學者最早于20世紀50年代提出科學素養(yǎng)概念,也得到其他國家科學教育學者的認可。該理念認為,我們正處在一個科學和技術(shù)占領(lǐng)主導地位的世界里,這是一個提升國家綜合實力的關(guān)鍵因素。這與20世紀前半葉科學的迅猛發(fā)展是分不開的:科學技術(shù)和工程的發(fā)展給公眾的生活帶來翻天覆地的變化,堪稱社會發(fā)展進步的重要動力。

小布什兩屆任期內(nèi),STEM 作為新概念不斷出現(xiàn)在美國各種改革政策和項目,甚至法律中。2007年10月,美國國家科學委員會發(fā)布報告《國家行動計劃:應(yīng)對美國科學、技術(shù)、工程和數(shù)學教育系統(tǒng)的緊急需要》,提醒美國時刻不忘加強開展 STEM 教育。

奧巴馬總統(tǒng)執(zhí)政之后,對 STEM 教育的重視更提升到新的層次。上任之初,他便將增加財政投入支持 STEM 教育寫進《美國振興及投資法案》并頒布。第一任期內(nèi),他實施「競爭卓越計劃」、「為創(chuàng)新而教計劃」以及「新科技教育十年計劃」等。2014年,白宮和美國教育部提出 STEM 國家人才培育策略,并針對中小學 STEM 教育,切實提出各州在創(chuàng)新網(wǎng)絡(luò)合作、培訓老師、建立專家教師團、資助重點學校和增加科研投入方面的具體措施。

值得注意的是,美國 STEM 教育的推廣,不是在政府指導下單純依靠學校推動,而是動員了全社會,特別是企業(yè)界的力量。在美國,蓋茨基金會和紐約卡內(nèi)基公司支持100多位企業(yè) CEO 創(chuàng)建「變革方程」公益機構(gòu)。他們通過利用資金、資源和影響力:1)促進 STEM 公益教育事業(yè);2)激勵青少年學習 STEM;3)推動基于 STEM 的教育改革。STEM 教育就像個全民運動!

從教育目標來說,STEM 教育的基本目標是培養(yǎng)學生的 STEM 素養(yǎng)。美國州長協(xié)會在2007年頒布的《創(chuàng)新美國:擬定科學、技術(shù)、工程與數(shù)學議程共同綱領(lǐng)》中指出,在知識經(jīng)濟時代,只有具備 STEM 素養(yǎng)的人才能在激烈競爭中取得先機,得到勝利。該綱領(lǐng)認為,STEM 素養(yǎng)是學生在科學、技術(shù)、工程和數(shù)學領(lǐng)域以及相關(guān)交叉領(lǐng)域中,運用個人關(guān)于現(xiàn)實世界運行方式知識的能力。

顯而易見,STEM 素養(yǎng)包含了科學素養(yǎng)、技術(shù)素養(yǎng)、工程素養(yǎng)和數(shù)學素養(yǎng),同時又不是四者的簡單組合:它包含運用這四門學科的相關(guān)能力、把學習到的零碎知識與機械過程,轉(zhuǎn)變成探究真實世界相互聯(lián)系的不同側(cè)面的綜合能力。
 

STEM 教育的特征

STEM 教育中,四門學科的教學必須緊密相連,以整合的教學方式培養(yǎng)學生掌握知識和技能,并靈活應(yīng)用解決真實世界的問題。STEM 教育具備新的核心特征:跨學科、趣味、體驗、情境、協(xié)作、設(shè)計、藝術(shù)、實證和技術(shù)增強等。

(一)跨學科

知識按學科進行劃分,并不反映我們生活世界的真像和趣味。因此,分科教學(如物理、化學)在科學、技術(shù)和工程高度發(fā)達的今天,已出現(xiàn)很大的問題。針對這問題,理工科教育出現(xiàn)了取消分科、進行整合教育的趨勢。這種跨學科處理是 STEM 教育最重要的核心特征。

(二)趣味

STEM 教育在實施過程中要把多學科知識融于有趣、有挑戰(zhàn)、與生活相關(guān)的問題中。問題和活動的設(shè)計要能激發(fā)學習者內(nèi)在的學習動機,問題的解決要能讓學生有成就感。

(三)體驗

STEM 教育不僅主張通過自學或教師講授習得抽象知識,更強調(diào)學生動手、動腦參與學習過程。STEM 提供了學生動手做的學習體驗,學生應(yīng)用所學的數(shù)學和科學知識發(fā)現(xiàn)、并合作解決現(xiàn)實世界問題。

(四)情境

STEM 不是教授學生孤立、抽象的學科知識,而強調(diào)把知識還原于豐富的生活,結(jié)合生活中有趣、有挑戰(zhàn)的問題,通過學生解決問題來完成教學。教師在設(shè)計 STEM 教育項目問題時,一方面要基于真實的生活情景,另一方面又要蘊含結(jié)構(gòu)化知識。這樣,學生在解決問題的過程中,不僅能獲得知識,還能獲得在情境中理解知識,以及遷移運用的能力。

(五)協(xié)作

STEM 教育重視協(xié)作,強調(diào)在群體協(xié)同中相互幫助、相互啟發(fā),進行群體性知識建構(gòu)。STEM教育中的問題往往是真實的,真實任務(wù)的完成離不開其他同學、教師或?qū)<业暮献鳌?/p>

(六)設(shè)計

STEM 教育要求學習產(chǎn)出環(huán)節(jié)包含設(shè)計作品,這是獲得成就感、維持和激發(fā)學習動機、保持學習好奇心的重要途徑。設(shè)計過程中,學生學習知識、鍛煉能力、提高 STEM 素養(yǎng),因此強調(diào)設(shè)計是 STEM 教育的又一核心特征。

如果一直關(guān)注美國國家年度教師獎,不難發(fā)現(xiàn),近些年來,這一獎項似乎對STEM教師格外“偏愛”。2008—2013年間,6位獲獎?wù)弋斨杏幸话胧荢TEM教師。今年5月的教師紀念周里,美國教育部部長阿恩·鄧肯接見的5名教師代表中,亦有3位是科學教師。

確實,近年來,STEM教育已是美國教育的重中之重,其受重視的程度有目共睹。美國總統(tǒng)奧巴馬在2013年的國情咨文中提出的兩個教育目標中,其中之一即為“培育新一代的STEM人才”。
 

美國STEM教育的困局

雖然備受重視,但是STEM教育、STEM人才的現(xiàn)狀卻讓人憂慮。

美國在發(fā)布于2011年的一份《人力資源調(diào)查報告》中指出:超過一半的美國雇主發(fā)現(xiàn)自己很難找到具備高等數(shù)學、高等物理、高等化學知識的員工,而這些知識卻是工作當中必須掌握的。西門子的報告稱:2012年,該公司原計劃在美國招收3000多個員工,但在招聘當中卻發(fā)現(xiàn)僅有10%的應(yīng)征者能夠順利通過STEM能力測試,這也就意味著90%的應(yīng)征者未能從學校教育中獲取勝任這3000個職位的能力。

因此,專家預(yù)計,在接下來的十幾年,美國必須多培養(yǎng)一百萬STEM領(lǐng)域的高校畢業(yè)生,才能使美國經(jīng)濟立于不敗之地。

與STEM人才匱乏的現(xiàn)狀相對應(yīng)的卻是快速增長的需求量。在美國,STEM領(lǐng)域的職數(shù)增長速度是其余工種的三倍。還有一點也許更能打動正在找工作的畢業(yè)生:STEM相關(guān)行業(yè)的薪水通常比其他行業(yè)高出26%。

從上述統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)中得出的結(jié)論就是,所有學生都亟須在K-12階段獲得優(yōu)質(zhì)的STEM教育,不管他們是想接著上大學,還是步入職場謀生。因此,美國亟須為K-12階段的學生提供既生動有趣又能讓更多人享有的STEM課程,否則美國今天的經(jīng)濟強國地位將朝不保夕。

縱觀當前美國各地推進STEM的行動,落實在操作層面上,有兩個方面的特點非常明顯,一是擁抱數(shù)字技術(shù),二是在真實情境中學習。
 

STEM學校打造數(shù)字校園

近日,美國華盛頓州的華盛頓湖學區(qū)STEM學校聯(lián)合地方高校,共同推出了幾個以項目為基礎(chǔ)、以STEM課程為重點的合作計劃,旨在為本學區(qū)的高中生提供數(shù)字化的、相當于大學水平的STEM課程。

在維吉尼亞州亞歷山大市的托馬斯·杰弗遜科技高中,學生們在13個細分科目的、擁有一流數(shù)字化實驗器材和設(shè)備的實驗室中進行原創(chuàng)性研究,跟蹤STEM領(lǐng)域的前沿動態(tài)。

今天,美國越來越多的STEM學校正在積極加強和政府、企業(yè)界、高等教育機構(gòu)的合作,以便為學生創(chuàng)設(shè)高科技、合作性的學習環(huán)境,而以往,這樣的學習情境只存在于高?;蚵殘鲋小?/p>

教育專家們期望得到的結(jié)果是:當學生們得到機會,提早“享用”數(shù)字化工具、專業(yè)渠道的學習資源、行業(yè)內(nèi)專家學者的親身指導,他們就近則學會將數(shù)字化資源以專業(yè)的方式融入到自己的學習活動之中,遠則有望成長為新一代科學、技術(shù)、工程、數(shù)學方面的專業(yè)人才。因此,美國STEM學校對數(shù)字技術(shù)的投入可謂不惜工本。

華盛頓湖學區(qū)STEM學校的高科技實驗室相當于大學實驗室水準,向所有學生開放。他們可以使用的實驗設(shè)備和器材包括:生物技術(shù)DNA設(shè)備,犯罪現(xiàn)場數(shù)字攝像系統(tǒng),地理信息系統(tǒng)實驗室。

在加卅納帕縣擁有400名學生的新技術(shù)高中,學生們被“甩進”一個擁有先進數(shù)字化設(shè)備、實行公司化運作的環(huán)境中,通過參與項目,鍛煉團隊合作能力和專業(yè)能力。該校推行“帶上自己的設(shè)備”(bring your own device,BYOD)的教育模式,即學生把家里的數(shù)字設(shè)備帶到學校來,學校提供無線上網(wǎng)服務(wù)。對于沒有購買數(shù)字設(shè)備的學生,學校也提供上網(wǎng)本以備不時之需。不過今年的春假過后,學校發(fā)現(xiàn)己經(jīng)有60臺上網(wǎng)本處于閑置狀態(tài)了,因為絕大部分學生都有了自己的電腦。新技術(shù)高中也接受本地區(qū)商業(yè)伙伴的捐贈,最近它獲捐一臺3D打印機,正計劃明年將其融入到學校的課程中去。

新技術(shù)高中的視頻制作實驗室也對全體學生開放?,F(xiàn)在,已經(jīng)有不少學生能夠制作出專業(yè)化、高水準的視頻作品了,其中一名佼佼者甚至還獲得了全美學生視頻制作大賽的榮譽獎項。校長司本塞說:“有了這些數(shù)字設(shè)備,教師們評估學生的學習效果就方便多了,直觀多了。”

此外,新技術(shù)高中的高校合作伙伴納帕山谷學院還為該校學生提供sTEM相關(guān)的大學課程,但是要獲得相應(yīng)學分,也并非易事。比如,他們要求學生在自己選擇的科目上,完成一個50個小時的實習項目;實習結(jié)束后,學生們還必須把項目的內(nèi)容制作成數(shù)字化資料,遞交給申請的學校或潛在的雇主。
 

注重在真實情境中學習

如果說,對于美國的STEM學校來說,數(shù)字技術(shù)是強有力的工具,那么,實踐、實習、項目教學法則是落到實處的有效教育策略。

2013年4月9日,美國下一代科學課程標準的最終版在歷經(jīng)2年時間的編撰,通過兩輪的征求公眾意見稿后,終于如期發(fā)布。該標準的顯著特點就是將科學和工程的實踐部分提到顯要位置,主張減少K-12科學教育理論知識的覆蓋面,增加學生動手操作的機會,以利于科學探究和工程設(shè)計的融會貫通。

《自然》雜志總編、美國國家科學院院長布魯斯·艾伯特也認為,對于K-12階段的學生而言,積極地參與科學實踐比起死記硬背科學定理更加重要,因此,新一代科學課程標準將焦點對準工程和技術(shù)等實踐領(lǐng)域,有意識地將學生置于問題解決的真實情境之中,引導他們通過持續(xù)的動手操作,增進對科學概念的深層理解,是把準了21世紀科學課堂的脈搏。

其實,美國廣大的STEM學校也一直在踐行突出實踐的真實情境教學。為學生提供基于真實情境的學習體驗就是華盛頓湖學區(qū)STEM學校關(guān)注的另一個重點。該校和世界頂級名校華盛頓大學以及本地知名企業(yè)建立起長期的合作關(guān)系,以方便學生進入大學校園實習、參與研究項目、修讀大學課程,也鼓勵他們進入職場實習、體驗真實世界的STEM項目,在專業(yè)人員的指導下學以致用。這些學校的學生也不再滿足于在實驗室里用高科技實驗設(shè)各做一些虛擬的實驗,而更愿意看到自己所學到的知識對真實世界產(chǎn)生的積極影響。

校長杜娜還表示,該校實行的也是基于項目的教學,每年每個學生都要參與到6—7個項目當中。而且該校的課程設(shè)置也堪稱精細、豐富、多元。在這里,九~十年級的學生課表還相差無幾,但到了十一年級時,學生們就要選擇一門STEM課程作為自己的主修項了。從此時開始,學生們的課表開始變得越來越“個性化”。比如,今年將要升到十一年級的學生就可以在環(huán)境工程、可持續(xù)設(shè)計、法醫(yī)心理學、數(shù)字媒體和設(shè)計中做出選擇。

托馬斯·杰弗遜科技高中的所有選修課都是STEM的某一個科目,學生必須完成一系列標準嚴格的科學和技術(shù)課程方能畢業(yè),包括四年的核心科學課程,至少各一年的計算機科學、微積分、設(shè)計與技術(shù)課程,以及一個高年級的研究項目。該研究項目要求學生就自己感興趣的一個專題開展原創(chuàng)研究。

托馬斯·杰弗遜科技高中也開設(shè)專業(yè)程度更精更細的課程,比如,微生物學、納米技術(shù)、可替代能源系統(tǒng)、神經(jīng)科學電子學。這些課程決不是靈光一現(xiàn)的產(chǎn)物,而是學校在政府和企業(yè)界的合作伙伴把有關(guān)STEM領(lǐng)域最前沿的趨勢、最迫切的需求等信息傳達到教師那里后,學校通過斟酌、協(xié)商、審議后才決定開發(fā)的。

科學定理、定律、概念是簡潔的,單向度的,而真實情境是復雜的,多維度的,所以,當把單向度的知識應(yīng)用到多維度的情境中時,學生們的思維路徑就變得多元了,托馬斯·杰弗遜科技高中鼓勵這種多路徑。

“當我們和外界連通時,數(shù)字化資源和前沿動態(tài)就會順勢涌入;當給學生設(shè)置的問題就存在于現(xiàn)實生活中時,抽象的科學知識就具備了豐沛的實際意義。這就是為什么STEM課程既要上聯(lián)數(shù)字技術(shù),又要下達真實情境的原因所在。”校長伊萬·格雷澤深有感觸地說。

其實,在美國K-12階段的STEM教育中,數(shù)字技術(shù)作為手段只是一個外殼,其最終目的還是千方百計,將學生們置于真實或模擬真實的情境當中,以加深他們對STEM知識的理解,并提高他們解決現(xiàn)實問題的能力。
 

以下是全部422個STEM專業(yè)列表

Acoustics

Actuarial Science

Aeronautical/Aerospace Engineering Technology/TechniCIAn

Aeronautics/Aviation/Aerospace Science and Technology, General

Aerospace Ground Equipment Technology

Aerospace Physiology and Medicine

Aerospace, Aeronautical and Astronautical/Space Engineering

Agricultural and Horticultural Plant Breeding

Agricultural Animal Breeding

Agricultural Engineering

AgroEcology and Sustainable Agriculture

Agronomy and Crop Science

Air and Space Operational Art and Science

Air and Space Operations Technology

Air Science/Airpower Studies

Aircraft Armament Systems Technology

Algebra and Number Theory

Analysis and Functional Analysis

Analytical Chemistry

Anatomy

Animal Behavior and Ethology

Animal Genetics

Animal Health

Animal Nutrition

Animal Physiology

Animal Sciences, General

Animal Sciences, Other

AniMATion, InterACTive Technology, Video GrAPhics and SpeCIAl Effects

Applied Mathematics, General

Applied Mathematics, Other

Aquatic Biology/Limnology

Archeology

Architectural and Building Sciences/Technology

Architectural Drafting and Architectural CAD/CADD

Architectural Engineering

Architectural Engineering Technology/TechniCIAn

ArtifiCIAl Intelligence

Astronomy

Astronomy and Astrophysics, Other

Astrophysics

Atmospheric Chemistry and Climatology

Atmospheric Physics and Dynamics

Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology, General

Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology, Other

Atomic/Molecular Physics

AutoMATion Engineer Technology/TechniCIAn

Automotive Engineering Technology/TechniCIAn[SITESERVER_PAGE]

Behavioral Sciences

BioChemical Engineering

Biochemistry

Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Other

Bioengineering and Biomedical Engineering

BioinforMATics

Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Other

Biological and Physical Sciences

BioLogical/BioSystems Engineering

Biology TechniCIAn/Biotechnology Laboratory TechniCIAn

Biology/Biological Sciences, General

BioMathematics, BioinforMATics, and Computational Biology, Other

Biomedical Sciences, General

Biomedical Technology/TechniCIAn

Biometry/Biometrics

Biophysics

BioPsychology

BioStatistics

Biotechnology

Botany/Plant Biology

Botany/Plant Biology, Other

Business Statistics

CAD/CADD Drafting and/or Design Technology/TechniCIAn

Cardiovascular Science

Cell Biology and Anatomy

Cell Physiology

Cell/Cellular and Molecular Biology

Cell/Cellular Biology and Anatomical Sciences, Other

Cell/Cellular Biology and Histology

Ceramic Sciences and Engineering

Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering

Chemical Engineering

Chemical Engineering Technology/TechniCIAn

Chemical Engineering, Other

Chemical Physics

Chemical Process Technology

Chemical Technology/TechniCIAn

Chemistry, General

Chemistry, Other

Civil Drafting and Civil Engineering CAD/CADD

Civil Engineering Technology/TechniCIAn

Civil Engineering, General

Civil Engineering, Other

Clinical and Industrial Drug Development

Clinical Laboratory Science/Medical Technology/Technologist

Cognitive Psychology and Psycholinguistics

Cognitive Science

Combat Systems Engineering

Command & Control (C, CI) Systems and Operations

Comparative Psychology

Computational and Applied Mathematics

Computational Biology

Computational Mathematics

Computational Science

Computer and Information Sciences, General

Computer and Information Sciences, Other

Computer and InforMATion Systems Security/InforMATion Assurance

Computer Engineering Technologies/TechniCIAns, Other

Computer Engineering Technology/TechniCIAn

Computer Engineering, General

Computer Engineering, Other

Computer Graphics

Computer Hardware Engineering

Computer Hardware Technology/TechniCIAn

Computer Programming, Other

Computer Programming, Specific APplications

Computer Programming, Vendor/Product Certification

Computer Programming/Programmer, General

Computer Science

Computer Software and Media APplications, Other

Computer Software Engineering

Computer Software Technology/TechniCIAn

Computer Support SpeCIAlist

Computer Systems Analysis/Analyst

Computer Systems Networking and Telecommunications

Computer Technology/Computer Systems Technology

Computer/Information Technology Services Administration and Management, Other

Condensed Matter and MATerials Physics

Conservation Biology

Construction Engineering

Construction Engineering Technology/TechniCIAn

Cyber/Computer Forensics and Counterterrorism

Cyber/Electronic Operations and Warfare

Cytotechnology/Cytotechnologist

Dairy Science

DATa Modeling/Warehousing and DATabase Administration

DATa Processing and DATa Processing Technology/TechniCIAn

Developmental and Child Psychology

Developmental Biology and Embryology

Digital Communication and Media/Multimedia

Directed Energy Systems

Drafting and Design Technology/TechniCIAn, General

Drafting/Design Engineering Technologies/TechniCIAns, Other

Ecology

Ecology and Evolutionary Biology

Ecology, Evolution, SysteMATics and Population Biology, Other

Econometrics and Quantitative Economics

Educational Evaluation and Research

Educational Statistics and Research Methods

Educational/Instructional Technology

Electrical and Electronic Engineering Technologies/TechniCIAns, Other

Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Electrical, Electronic and Communications Engineering Technology/TechniCIAn

Electrical, Electronics and Communications Engineering, Other

Electrical/Electronics Drafting and Electrical/Electronics CAD/CADD

Electromechanical and Instrumentation and Maintenance Technologies/TechniCIAns, Other

Electromechanical Engineering

Electromechanical Technology/Electromechanical Engineering Technology

Elementary Particle Physics

Endocrinology

Energy Management and Systems Technology/TechniCIAn

Engineering Acoustics

Engineering Chemistry

Engineering Design

Engineering Mechanics

Engineering Physics/Applied Physics

Engineering Science

Engineering Technologies and Engineering-Related Fields, Other

Engineering Technology, General

Engineering, General

Engineering, Other

Engineering/Industrial Management

Engineering-Related Fields, Other

Engineering-Related Technologies, Other

Entomology

Environmental Biology

Environmental Chemistry

Environmental Control Technologies/TechniCIAns, Other

Environmental Engineering Technology/Environmental Technology

Environmental Health

Environmental Science

Environmental Studies

Environmental Toxicology

Environmental/Environmental Health Engineering

Epidemiology

Evolutionary Biology

Exercise Physiology

Experimental Psychology

Explosive Ordinance/Bomb Disposal

Financial Mathematics

Food Science

Food Science and Technology, Other

Food Technology and Processing

Forensic Chemistry

Forensic Science and Technology

Forest Engineering

Forest Sciences and Biology

Genetics, General

Genetics, Other

Genome Sciences/Genomics

Geochemistry

Geochemistry and Petrology

GeogrAPhicInforMATion Science and Cartography

GeoLogical and EArth Sciences/Geosciences, Other

Geological/Geophysical Engineering

Geology/Earth Science, General

Geometry/Geometric Analysis

GeoPhysics and Seismology

Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering

Hazardous MATerialsInforMATion Systems Technology/TechniCIAn

Hazardous MATerials Management and Waste Technology/TechniCIAn

Health/Medical Physics

Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering Technology/TechniCIAn

Horticultural Science

Human Biology

Human Computer InterACTion

Human/Medical Genetics

Hydraulics and Fluid Power Technology/TechniCIAn

Hydrology and Water Resources Science

Immunology

Industrial and Physical Pharmacy and Cosmetic Sciences

Industrial Engineering

Industrial Production Technologies/TechniCIAns, Other

Industrial Radiologic Technology/TechniCIAn

Industrial Safety Technology/TechniCIAn

Industrial Technology/TechniCIAn

InforMATics

InforMATion Operations/Joint InforMATion Operations

Information Science/Studies

Information Technology

Information Technology Project Management

InforMATion/PsychoLogical Warfare and Military Media Relations

Inorganic Chemistry

Instrumentation Technology/TechniCIAn

Integrated Circuit Design

Intelligence, Command Control and InforMATion Operations, Other

Intelligence, General

Joint Command/Task Force (C, CI) Systems

Laser and Optical Engineering

Laser and Optical Technology/TechniCIAn

Livestock Management

Low-Observables and Stealth Technology

Management Science

Management Science and Quantitative Methods, Other

Manufacturing Engineering

Manufacturing Engineering Technology/TechniCIAn

Marine Biology and BioLogicalOceanogrAPhy

Marine Sciences

MATerials Chemistry

Materials Engineering

Materials Science

Materials Sciences, Other

MATheMATical Biology

Mathematical Statistics and Probability

Mathematics and Computer Science

Mathematics and Statistics

Mathematics and Statistics, Other

Mathematics, General

Mathematics, Other

Mechanical Drafting and Mechanical Drafting CAD/CADD

Mechanical Engineering

Mechanical Engineering Related Technologies/TechniCIAns, Other

Mechanical Engineering/Mechanical Technology/TechniCIAn

Mechatronics, Robotics, and AutoMATion Engineering

Medical Informatics

Medical Microbiology and Bacteriology

Medical Scientist

Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry

Metallurgical Engineering

Metallurgical Technology/TechniCIAn

Meteorology

Microbial and Eukaryotic Genetics

MicrobioLogical Sciences and Immunology, Other

Microbiology and Immunology

Microbiology, General

Military Applied Sciences, Other

Military InforMATion Systems Technology

Military Systems and Maintenance Technology, Other

Military Technologies and Applied Sciences, Other

Mining and Mineral Engineering

Mining and Petroleum Technologies/TechniCIAns, Other

Mining Technology/TechniCIAn

Missile and Space Systems Technology

Modeling, Virtual Environments and Simulation

Molecular Biochemistry

Molecular Biology

Molecular Biophysics

Molecular Genetics

Molecular Medicine

Molecular Pharmacology

Molecular Physiology

Molecular Toxicology

Munitions Systems/Ordinance Technology

Mycology[SITESERVER_PAGE]

Nanotechnology

Natural Products Chemistry and Pharmacognosy

Natural Resources Conservation and Research, Other

Natural Resources/Conservation, General

Natural Sciences

Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering

Naval Science and Operational Studies

Network and System Administration/Administrator

Neuroanatomy

Neurobiology and Anatomy

Neurobiology and Behavior

Neurobiology and Neurosciences, Other

NeuroPharmacology

Neuroscience

Nuclear and Industrial RadioLogic Technologies/TechniCIAns, Other

Nuclear Engineering

Nuclear Engineering Technology/TechniCIAn

Nuclear Physics

Nuclear/Nuclear Power Technology/TechniCIAn

Nutrition Sciences

Occupational Safety and Health Technology/TechniCIAn

Ocean Engineering

OceanogrAPhy, Chemical and Physical

Oncology and Cancer Biology

Operational OceanogrAPhy

Operations Research

Optics/Optical Sciences

Organic Chemistry

PackAging Science

Paleontology

PAPer Science and Engineering

Parasitology

Pathology/Experimental Pathology

Personality Psychology

Petroleum Engineering

Petroleum Technology/TechniCIAn

Pharmaceutical Sciences

Pharmaceutics and Drug Design

PharmacoEconomics/Pharmaceutical Economics

Pharmacology

Pharmacology and Toxicology

Pharmacology and Toxicology, Other

Photobiology

Physical Chemistry

Physical Science Technologies/TechniCIAns, Other

Physical Sciences

Physical Sciences, Other

Physics, General

Physics, Other

Physiological Psychology/Psychobiology

Physiology, General

Physiology, Pathology, and Related Sciences, Other

Planetary Astronomy and Science

Plant Genetics

Plant Molecular Biology

Plant Pathology/Phytopathology

Plant Physiology

Plant Protection and Integrated Pest Management

Plant Sciences, General

Plant Sciences, Other

Plasma and High-Temperature Physics

Plastics and Polymer Engineering Technology/TechniCIAn

Polymer Chemistry

Polymer/Plastics Engineering

Population Biology

Poultry Science

Pre-Engineering

Psychometrics and Quantitative Psychology

PsychoPharmacology

Quality Control and Safety Technologies/TechniCIAns, Other

Quality Control Technology/TechniCIAn

Radar Communications and Systems Technology

Radiation Biology/Radiobiology

Range Science and Management

Reproductive Biology

Research and Experimental Psychology, Other

Robotics Technology/TechniCIAn

Science Technologies/TechniCIAns, General

Science Technologies/TechniCIAns, Other

Semiconductor Manufacturing Technology

Signal/Geospatial Intelligence

Social Psychology

Soil Chemistry and Physics

Soil Microbiology

Soil Science and Agronomy, General

Soil Sciences, Other

Solar Energy Technology/TechniCIAn

Space Systems Operations

Statistics, General

Statistics, Other

Strategic Intelligence

Structural Biology

Structural Engineering

Surveying Engineering

Surveying Technology/Surveying

Sustainability Studies

System, Networking, and LAN/WAN Management/Manager

SysteMATic Biology/BioLogicalSysteMATics

Systems Engineering

Systems Science and Theory

TeleCommunications Engineering

Telecommunications Technology/TechniCIAn

Textile Sciences and Engineering

Theoretical and Mathematical Physics

Theoretical Chemistry

Topology and FounDATions

Toxicology

Transportation and Highway Engineering

Undersea Warfare

Urban Forestry

Veterinary Anatomy

Veterinary Infectious Diseases

Veterinary Microbiology and Immunobiology

Veterinary Pathology and Pathobiology

Veterinary Physiology

Veterinary Preventive medicine Epidemiology and Public Health

Veterinary Toxicology and Pharmacology

Virology

Vision Science/PhysioLogical Optics

Water Quality and Wastewater Treatment Management and Recycling Technology/TechniCIAn

Water Resources Engineering

Water, Wetlands, and Marine Resources Management

Web Page, Digital/Multimedia and InforMATion Resources Design

Web/Multimedia Management and Webmaster

Welding Engineering Technology/TechniCIAn

Wildlife Biology

Wildlife, Fish and Wildlands Science and Management

Wood Science and Wood Products/Pulp and PAPer Technology

Zoology/Animal Biology

Zoology/Animal Biology, Other