還在苦戰(zhàn)SAT？先來感受2018年5月SAT最新真題分析！

主要論據(jù)采用幾家行業(yè)內(nèi)領(lǐng)先公開數(shù)據(jù)的公司作為范例，充分贊揚(yáng)其大無畏精神和肯定對(duì)于科學(xué)方面的推動(dòng)作用，也討論了對(duì)于數(shù)據(jù)公開的潛在風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的規(guī)避和解決，以及對(duì)于使用數(shù)據(jù)的行為規(guī)范和約束。整篇文章論述相當(dāng)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，手法比較明顯，并且再一次考到了駁論，相信在課堂上強(qiáng)調(diào)了多次的駁論以及分析方向一定可以幫助同學(xué)們?cè)谧魑闹性黾訚饽夭实囊还P。

文章分析：

LAST week, Johnson & Johnson announced that it was making all of its clinical trial data available to scientists around the world. It has hired my group, Yale University Open Data Access Project, or YODA, to fully oversee the release of the data. Everything in the company’s clinical research vaults, including unpublished raw data, will be available for independent review.

This is an extraordinary donation to society, and a reversal of the industry’s traditional tendency to treat data as an asset that would lose value if exposed to public scrutiny.

段落大意：強(qiáng)生公司宣布公開臨床試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)，包括試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)以及未公開原數(shù)據(jù)這一大壯舉開篇。同學(xué)們可以通過第二段的“extraordinary”一詞看出作者對(duì)于此行為的態(tài)度是支持的、贊揚(yáng)的。

運(yùn)用手法：example；ethos（It has hired my group…）；comparison and contrast（以前是被treat as an asset that would lose value if exposed to public scrtutiny現(xiàn)在卻完全公開供independent review）；word choice。

Today, more than half of the clinical trials in the United States, including many sponsored by academic and governmental institutions, are not published within two years of their completion. Often they are never published at all. The unreported results, not surprisingly, are often those in which a drug failed to perform better than a placebo. As a result, evidence-based medicine is, at best, based on only some of the evidence. One of the most troubling implications is that full information on a drug’s effects may never be discovered or released.

Even when studies are published, the actual data are usually not made available. End users of research — patients, doctors and policy makers — are implicitly told by a single group of researchers to “take our word for it.” They are often forced to accept the report without the prospect of other independent scientists’ reproducing the findings — a violation of a central tenet of the scientific method.

段落大意：敘述曾經(jīng)數(shù)據(jù)不公開的時(shí)代在臨床研究遇到的種種問題，分為兩段分別討論兩大問題：臨床研究未公開造成藥物證據(jù)不足；即使公開研究，但真實(shí)數(shù)據(jù)觸不可及導(dǎo)致實(shí)際應(yīng)用中缺乏科學(xué)印證。

運(yùn)用手法：word choice（troubling，never be discovered，violation 等）；fact；classification；emotional appeal（引發(fā)譴責(zé)、不滿等）。

To be fair, the decision to share data is not easy. Companies worry that their competitors will benefit, that lawyers will take advantage, that incompetent scientists will misconstrue the data and come to mistaken conclusions. Researchers feel ownership of the data and may be reluctant to have others use it. So Johnson & Johnson, as well as companies like GlaxoSmithKline and Medtronic that have made more cautious moves toward transparency, deserve much credit. The more we share data, however, the more we find that many of these problems fail to materialize.

段落大意：先陳述researchers不愿意公開數(shù)據(jù)的原因，并用強(qiáng)生、GSK、Medtronic三家公司進(jìn)行反駁，最后一句話道出實(shí)質(zhì)：越多分享，越少問題。

運(yùn)用手法：駁論

In 2011, YODA struck a deal with Medtronic to release all the data on one of its products — a device that stimulates the production of bone. At the time, questions had been raised about the device’s safety, including whether it caused cancer, and about the conflicts of interests of some of the company’s researchers. Medtronic made the unusual decision to respond to the debate by releasing the device’s data for independent review. We commissioned and then published two independent reviews of the data, and now have made them globally available.

Interestingly, the reviews produced somewhat conflicting results. One found that the device was no better than a bone graft and might be associated with a slight increase in cancer, while the other found that the device was effective and the cancer risk inconclusive. To us these differences reinforce the value of open science: now the data are out there for further study.

段落大意：舉了YODA和Medtronic曾經(jīng)研究的一款產(chǎn)品的例子，公開數(shù)據(jù)后得到兩種截然不同的研究結(jié)果，卻都是對(duì)于科學(xué)開放進(jìn)步有著巨大貢獻(xiàn)

分析手法：example；emotional appeal（引發(fā)責(zé)任感、堅(jiān)定信念）。

This program doesn’t mean that just anyone can gain access to the data without disclosing how they intend to use it. We require those who want the data to submit a proposal and identify their research team, funding and any conflicts of interest. They have to complete a short course on responsible conduct and sign an agreement that restricts them to their proposed research question. Most important, they must agree to share whatever they find. And we exclude applicants who seek data for commercial or legal purposes. Our intent is not to be tough gatekeepers, but to ensure that the data are used in a transparent way and contribute to overall scientific knowledge.

段落大意：獲取數(shù)據(jù)并非毫無監(jiān)管，列舉了種種方式如何限制和規(guī)范研究人員對(duì)于數(shù)據(jù)的使用。

分析手法：classification；fact；emotional appeal（消除讀者對(duì)于數(shù)據(jù)公開的疑慮，加強(qiáng)信心）。

There are many benefits to this kind of sharing. It honors the contributions of the subjects and scientists who participated in the research. It is proof that an organization, whether it is part of industry or academia, wants to play a role as a good global citizen. It demonstrates that the organization has nothing to hide. And it enables scientists to use the data to learn new ways to help patients. Such an approach can even teach a company like Johnson & Johnson something it didn’t know about its own products.

段落大意:總結(jié)全文，綜述數(shù)據(jù)公開的好處。

分析手法：word choice（benefits；honors；contributions等）

5月亞太SAT考情回顧