很多留學(xué)生剛來到國外的時(shí)候,最痛苦的事莫過于上課發(fā)言——插不上話。雖然當(dāng)?shù)貙W(xué)生在侃的有些內(nèi)容比較淺顯或不是什么真知灼見,但他們就是在那里滔滔不絕。有你舉手的功夫,或者你在頭腦中組織語言的時(shí)間,人家已經(jīng)侃了半天了。
如果你是學(xué)文科和社科的專業(yè),這種情況你肯定不陌生:一堂課兩三個(gè)小時(shí),老師說話的時(shí)間不超過半個(gè)小時(shí),剩下的時(shí)間都是大家在神侃(圍繞著閱讀材料,理論,案例)。
課堂發(fā)言的重要性體現(xiàn)在三方面:
一,課堂發(fā)言占期末成績的一部分;
二,如果上課總是不發(fā)言,大家會認(rèn)為你什么都不懂,不會很看得起你,在課外生活中容易被邊緣化;
三,如果上課總是不發(fā)言,老師會認(rèn)為你的學(xué)習(xí)態(tài)度不端正,對這個(gè)課不感興趣或者沒有讀閱讀材料。
有時(shí)候若是硬擠進(jìn)一段對話,你會感覺很唐突,在同學(xué)和老師的眼神中你是看得出來的。其實(shí),問題出在中外課堂發(fā)言的方式不同。
中國都是老師問一個(gè),學(xué)生答一個(gè)。學(xué)生要舉手,所以很有秩序。每次都是老師的講解貫穿在學(xué)生的發(fā)言之間,所以學(xué)生之間沒有對話,學(xué)生發(fā)言的時(shí)候也不需要說些承上啟下的話。
而在外國,沒什么舉手,你有的時(shí)候只需要一個(gè)手勢(抬下手)或者一個(gè)聲音Ummm,Yeah,Well之類的,把別人的注意力吸引過來即可開講。一堆同學(xué)之間要講N個(gè)回合老師才說話。
這個(gè)時(shí)候,如果你加入到一個(gè)對話,就非常需要承上啟下,需要和別人互動,需要總結(jié)別人的話,需要明確的表達(dá)自己的觀點(diǎn)和前面一個(gè)或者幾個(gè)人的觀點(diǎn)之間是什么邏輯關(guān)系。這種邏輯關(guān)系可以是:補(bǔ)充,反對,支持,提問要求澄清,舉例,現(xiàn)象升華抽象成規(guī)律和理論,開啟新話題等。
表達(dá)自己意見
I think that...
*最簡單的
It seems to me that...
*可以用作表達(dá)意見,或者summarize或者confirm對方說的話。
I would argue that...
*這里面用would來弱化語氣。
Just to go along with what you said...
*這句話,真的很好用,承上啟下。這句話還好在,它使你現(xiàn)在插話看上去legitimate,因?yàn)槟闶菫榱撕颓懊娴哪莻€(gè)人go along啊。不趕緊接話,不就along不上了嘛。
Going back to what xxx said...
*同上。不過一般是你已經(jīng)說了幾句,此時(shí)想要銜接上別人剛剛提到過或者蜻蜓點(diǎn)水說到的東西。這句話的好處就是,一能表示我的說法和你是有一致之處的, 二能表現(xiàn)他剛才說的東西你還有印象。
同意或者反對
I agree with you.
*最簡單的
Building on what XXX has just said, I am with you..., but [main point].
*這里I am with you不一定表示同意也不一定表示反對,它主要的意思是說"你說的我聽懂了/我跟上你說的了。"
I follow your logic, but have you thought about/considered this... [mainpoint]...?
*和上面一句話的邏輯是一樣的:"你說的我明白了,但是..."
I see what you are saying, but I'm not sure I would argue that...
*和上面兩句話的邏輯一樣。
With all due respect, I think...
謙虛的反對
Correct me if I'm wrong, but isn't [a different topic]...?
I'm not an expert on..., it seems to me that...
I might be wrong, but...
I suspect that I lack some information about this aspect, but here is my twocents.
I am not sure about this..., you might want to check with Professor X... Would you mind letting me know what he/she says?
[別人說了一堆之后] This is oneway to look at it. Another way to look at it might be....
疑惑追問
Just to clarify...
May I ask a follow-up question?
Could you say more (about it)?
*不確定自己是不是聽懂了,請別人多解釋一些。
Could you elaborate on this?
會議報(bào)告、演講之后提問
That's an amazing model/useful concept, but it occurred to me that [this/something]might also play a role....Have you considered...?
Thanks for your talk. I completely agree with your conclusion, but as I'm sure you're aware, Dr. XX explains this in a different way, and I was wondering if you could address her theory.
*"but as I'm sure you're aware"完全是給對方一個(gè)臺階下,可能那個(gè)理論他根本沒有考慮過。但是如果對方是很senior的,我們也需要客套一下。
需求幫助
I was wondering if I could talk to you about...
*一般都是用過去時(shí),在email里面也是如此。而且,雖然was wondering/hoping這種進(jìn)行時(shí)看起來很怪,但是用法就是這樣子的。
I was hoping that if I could talk to you about...
I was wondering if it'd be possible that you...
Sorry to bother you, Professor X....
I realize this is an unusual request...
I realize that you are very busy...
Thanks for your time.
Thanks in advance for your help.
It would be great if you could...
*這個(gè)是最常用的,尤其是email里面。
當(dāng)然,最好的學(xué)習(xí)方式,不是把這些句子抄下來或者背下來。大家應(yīng)該在生活中自己再留意一遍,收集一遍,分析一遍,實(shí)踐一遍。這樣,你掌握的不只是一堆句子,而是一套不同場合同樣適用的方法。